Analysis Of Mark Twain s The Gilded Age - 1671 Words

The 19th century formed an era of industrialization and political change in the United States. New possibilities formed and new ideas inhibited the once agrarian country. New people came to America too as an effect of immigration. Immigrants from all over Europe and East and South Asia knew of the new opportunities available. Once they came to the United States, these people started congregating in cities. Here, they were close to the jobs and resources they needed, not to mention that it was a more efficient use of space compared to expanding outward. In the country, the demand for labor was increasing, and luckily there was a complementary increase in supply of it. The influx of immigrants was an influx of new ideas--ones that differed from pre-existing views in the United States. Good ideas came from good people, and their impressions and motivations were powerful, casting an image of wealth and awe-inspiring personality. It was what the famous writer Mark Twain called the Gilded Age for its magnificent impression yet troublesome mechanics. Mark Twain would be the one to know of the wonders and friction of ideas and people. His friend Nikola Tesla, the eccentric Serbian scientist, had major involvement in the peaks and troughs of this era. In fact, Nikola’s dilemma with another great contemporary of his even has its own name: the War of the Currents. The War of the Currents is a distinct series of events that occurred during the Gilded Age. Nikola Tesla battledShow MoreRelatedwisdom,humor and faith19596 Words   |  79 PagesRenaissance Humor: Erasmus, Rabelais, Cervantes, Shakespeare 5 Two European Russians: Anton Chekhov and Vladimir Soloviev 9 Reflections on Humor from Nietzsche to the Theatre of the Absurd 12 Humor and Wisdom in the United States: Lincoln, Beecher, Twain, Sandburg, and Buchwald 17 From The Times (of London) obituary on him (January 19, 2007) that mentioned his â€Å"wit and wisdom† in its title, available at http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article1294342.ece. 24 Humor, Wisdom, andRead MoreAmerican Revolution and Study Guide Essay example5377 Words   |  22 Pages(10pts) 2. How did each of the following encourage social reform: (15pts) a. 2nd Great Awakening b. Industrialization c. urbanization 3. In what ways did American literature in the early 19th century reflect the New Demacracy of the Jacksonian age? Explain (10pts) a. Identify the â€Å"literary individuals and dissenters† (3pts) b. Why were these writers tagged as such (5pts) 4. Explain why the Mormons became a target for religious intolerance in America (10pts) Dorthea Dix Oliver Wendall Holmes

Aristotle’s Ideas in the Modern Work Environment Free Essays

Aristotle in the Modern Work Environment In Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, every point, every major idea, and every argument made, is all connected back to the concept that every action seeks an ultimate good. Aristotle felt that there is an intrinsic good that humans aim for and that there is this â€Å"good life† we all mean to have. However, what does it mean to be good? That means something different to everyone; we all inhabit many different roles in our day to day lives, whether we strive to be a good parent, a good sibling, a good student, a good citizen, or a good leader. We will write a custom essay sample on Aristotle’s Ideas in the Modern Work Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now All emphasize the importance of our own well-being, as well as that of others, and the greater community as a whole. For the purpose of this paper, the focus will be on work relationships, what it means to promote a good work environment, and how Aristotle’s ideas relate to the modern work community. First, we will examine the characteristics of a great place to work, and then we will examine how each of Aristotle’s main ideas on civic relationships relate to these modern work relationships. Whether the association is that of an employee and an employer, a buyer and a seller, or even a manager and an investor, each relationship has common business ideas and common human needs. Sometimes companies get so caught up in the business ideas that the human needs become null. However, the most successful companies are the ones who are able to excel at both the business practices as well the care of their employees. So what defines a â€Å"great† place to work? Is it the business with the most elaborate holiday parties, the one with the highest paid employees, or perhaps is it the business that places value in the intangibles, such as trust, communication, and strong leadership? To define the traits of a positive work environment, we will examine the Great Place to Work website, who every year, partners with 5,000 plus companies and conducts a survey to find out exactly what a great workplace means. Essentially, a great work environment can be defined by three main factors; employees trust the people they work for, they have pride in what they do, and they enjoy the people they work with. Of these three, it is the mutual trust that employees and employers have in one another that sets the foundation for a successful company. An employer can build trust with their workers by having credibility for the work output and treating them with respect and fairness. This in turn, creates a loyal employee who is dedicated to producing their highest quality of work as well as motivating others to do the same. Whether the business is a small ma-pop store, or a Fortune 500 corporation, all have the ability to achieve a cohesive work environment. The best of both an employee and an employer can be explained by Aristotle’s views on happiness, the virtues and deliberation, justice, and friendship. All are interconnected, and when applied to a professional setting, help to promote an work environment that is beneficial for the company, but more importantly, the human good. Aristotle’s most important concept is that of human happiness because happiness in and of itself was reaching the end good. According to him, humans have three parts to their soul. The first is the most basic, a vegetative state in which all living things share in which we are satisfying our most basic of needs. The next level is that reason that is grounded in emotion. The two are grounded in each other, and therefore, can be swayed by each other, such in that our emotions can influence our reason. Aristotle believed that true happiness was engaging the highest activity of the soul, our capacity for thought. He believed that happiness was â€Å"the human good [that proves to be] the activity of the soul in accord with virtue. In other words, a person living life to the fullest was the person pursuing their purpose in life with action, and reaching a certain amount of excellence in that purpose. In turn, that will bring a true state of happiness. The best way to bring about this state of individual happiness is through community. In terms of a business community, it is the responsibility of the leaders to promote an environment that focuses on establishing a w orker’s strength, discovering his or her potential, and then developing that potential in order to fulfill that person’s purpose. In the business world, we see people all the time who feel their work is not fulfilling and lacking in purpose. These are also the kinds of people we see that show up to work and complete the bare minimum necessary for obtaining their paycheck. An employer who wants to have a successful company needs to promote the kind of work that is in their employees’ best interests and allows them to feel useful each and every day. A happy employee will be more invested in the business’s day to day operations, as well as the overall success of the organization. The discussion of happiness leads to Aristotle’s next major ideas, those of the virtues and deliberation. A happy person will be someone who lives in accordance with the virtues. He is neither too much of one thing, or not enough of another, he is in the middle of two extremes. Aristotle explained the virtues to be a perception of the right thing to do or the appropriate response when faced with a certain situations. The good decision lies in the virtue that is between what Aristotle called the â€Å"vices of excess† and the â€Å"vices of deficiency. For example, cowardliness would be a vice of deficiency, foolhardiness would be a vice of excess, and courage in the middle of these two would be the right decision. Aristotle’s virtues can be broken down in two ways: intellectually and morally. Intellectual virtue comes from education, which must be taught over a length of time. Moral virtue, on the other hand, comes from habit. They are virtues that need to be le arned, and that is accomplished by actually practicing it. People become virtuous by performing virtuous acts, and the more they are practiced, the more the virtue becomes a part of one’s disposition. Although moral virtues are reactions due to habit or practice to respond in certain ways, Aristotle believed virtues are cultivated through deliberation. One must think about the situation he or she is in, and contemplate as to what good could be achieved in that situation. In deliberation, one must consider the â€Å"ends† he or she is trying to ultimately reach, and make a decision about the best way to go about achieving that end result. Virtues and the deliberative process are involved everyday in the business world. A person’s virtues guide his decisions, and decisions have to be made on a daily basis when it comes to a business’s operations, finances, resources, customers, or even future goals. A company therefore needs their leader to be virtuous in order to make the kinds of decisions that will be in everyone’s best interest. A leader that is virtuous will desire to be good and do good, therefore he will make decisions that are fair. This engages one of the fundamental traits of a Great Place to Work, and that is the leader promotes an connection based on trust between himself and his employees. When employees believe their boss is contemplating the best course of action when faced with a certain situation, they can trust him to make a sound and virtuous judgment. The trust that is built here translates into respect for their superiors, and when employees respect the people they work for, the entire organization is given the opportunity to run smoothly and cohesively. Another of Aristotle’s virtues that he specifically singles out is justice. It includes all other virtues under its umbrella, because to be just is to consider all the other virtues and act in a virtuous way. In this case, he is not describing the kind of justice to exact on a criminal, but rather justice in that a person gets what he deserves. Justice must maintain a certain balance in which advantages and disadvantages are equal. In Aristotle’s opinion, greed or the desire to have more than one’s due counteracts his idea of distributive justice. In this concept, wealth among the community would be spread out among its members, with everyone receiving their fair share according to their virtue. He believed the economy was not driven by a â€Å"guiding hand† but by reciprocity. A successful economy distributes goods not to satisfy an individual’s best interest, but to facilitate exchanges within the community, with the ultimate goal being people living the life they want in accordance with their virtues. The most virtuous people make the most significant contributions to the community, and therefore are of the highest merit. His concept of distributive justice enables the greatest privilege to go to those with the most virtue, and not those with the most money, the most power, or the most inside connections. The best places to work are the ones that are most just. They exhibit all the virtues in the best sense, but most of all, the people within the company benefit from an environment of fairness, for both the employees and the employers. In order to maintain the balance of justice, not one employee is treated with an unfair share of disadvantages and therefore carries too much of a burden. On the other hand, not one employee enjoys an unfair share of advantages and therefore is overly privileged. Everyone is cooperating together and this kind of justice only facilitates the inner workings of a business in a way that contributes to the overall success of the company. It also promotes a fair merit-based system that rewards promotions and other benefits fairly. If employees know that privileges will be handed down based on highest merit, and not unfairly based on seniority, or inside connections, they will be motivated to work hard and produce their best work, which in the end, only builds a more successful business. The last of Aristotle’s main ideas we will discuss is friendship, and how in a certain way it connects all of Aristotle’s main ideas together. Very simply put, friendship can be defined as wishing each other well and there being a mutual awareness of good will between two individuals. Aristotle then classifies three types of friendships: those based in utility, those based in pleasure, and those based in character. A friendship based in utility, occurs when two people can benefit from each other. By doing the same thing, both gain an equal advantage in the relationship. This kind of friendship is a temporary situation because it is based in two individuals being useful to each other, rather than any enjoyment they have it the person. If the usefulness ends, the purpose of the relationship disappears, and therefore so does the relationship itself. A friendship for pleasure happens when two people enjoy the other’s company and have a common interest in doing a certain activity together. In this case, doing the activity in the company of another makes the activity more enjoyable than if it had be done alone. This kind of friendship is also temporary because the relationship lasts only as long as the two individuals share the common interest. The strongest and most enduring of friendships are also the rarest kind, and those are friendships based in character. This relationship occurs when two people admire the quality of the other person and find common ground in their virtues. They develop a long-lasting friendship that develops over time as they get to know one another. It is a very selfless kind of relationship as there are no motivating factors these individuals seek in one another. They accept each other for who they are and encourage each other to find the â€Å"goodness† in what they pursue. Friendships of character connect the ideas of virtue, justice, and happiness together. The basis of a good friend is that the friend is good in and of himself. He realizes his best self in accordance with the virtues, and will encourage a friend of similar virtue to seek his best self. He who acts in accordance with all the virtues is just, and justice in its fullest sense is friendliness. Both justice and friendliness inhabit the idea of distributive justice. Not in an economical sense, but friends of utility, pleasure, or goodness equally exchange advantages consistent with the type of friendship they share. If there is an unequal distribution of disadvantages in friendships of utility or pleasure, then the relationship will disintegrate. Therefore, among true friends that is based on character, there is no need for justice. Those who actively engage in friendships are also the happiest. Humans are not meant to live in solitude, and it is by engaging those around them and participating in the community that one will find the good in others, the good in the community, and the good in life. Friendship in the workplace bolsters the idea of camaraderie among employees and employers. When people enjoy the other people they work with, they’re surrounded by a positive environment that enables them to work at their highest potential. this doesn’t mean that people’s work environments have to be filled with their best friends, but instead should feel a friendliness towards their peers out of a sharing their professional lives together and a common interest to meet their business goals. The most likely of friendships to be found in a work environment are friendships of utility or pleasure. Every person within an organization may have separate goals, but all share the same goal of seeing the company do well. The success of the business will benefit everyone as long as they work together. It’s also likely that people within the same line of business will share some of the same interests. This commonality between workers can be the foundation for them to work together effectively and support each other in their work. The rarest kind of work friendship would be that based in character. It is likely that you may share some of the same professional values, but people are so different that it’s rare to come together on a work platform and build a lasting relationship. However, hopefully people within the business can at least appreciate the quality of their peers and superiors, even if they don’t fully admire them. The best kinds of work environments are the one that exhibit all Aristotle’s main ideas, such as happiness, virtue, deliberation, justice, and friendship, to their fullest. Environments that remain open to dialogue and respect, that recognize differences among people as a unifying force rather than a dividing one and utilize people’s strengths to their greatest potential are the kind of work environments that Aristotle would promote. While it may be hard for a business to maintain the best environment all the time, as long as it stays true to its ethical business principles, and as long as its leaders strive to meet the human needs of its employees and well as the goals of the company, then I would consider that a great place to work. How to cite Aristotle’s Ideas in the Modern Work Environment, Essay examples

Explanation of Main Points in The Achievement of Desire free essay sample

Part II Didnt I realize that reading would open up whole new worlds? A book could open doors for me. It could introduce me to people and show me places I never imagined existed. She gestured towards the bookshelves . (Bare-breasted African women danced, and the shiny hubcaps of automobiles on the back covers of the geographic gleamed in my mind. ) I listened with respect. But her words were not very influential. I was thinking then of another consequence of literacy, one I was too shy to admit but nonetheless trusted.Books were going to make me educated. That confidence enabled me, several months later, to over come my fear of the silence. In this text, Richard Rodriguez gains his undying interest in reading. This is where he realizes what he believes would be his true calling. He believer reading would open up a new chapter of life to him. Show him places he had never Imagined. We will write a custom essay sample on Explanation of Main Points in The Achievement of Desire or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He wanted to be educated. Achieve more than his parents did. The fact that he knew books would make him achieve his goal, gave him confidence.He was initially a shy person who kept to himself probably because of his accent. But his tutor found a way through this private tutoring for him to break out of his shell. From then on he improved his speech and reading abilities for him to mould himself to this excellent scholar. Part But this is criticism more accurate than fair. The scholarship boy is a very bad student. He is the great mimic; a collector of thoughts, not a thinker;the very last person in class whoever feels obliged to have an opinion of his own. In larger part, however, the reason he Is such a bad student Is because he realizes more often and ore acutely than most other students than Haggard himself that education requires radical self-reformation. As a very young boy, regarding his parents, as he struggles with an early homework assignment, he knows this too well. That is why he lacks self assurance. He does not forget that the classroom Is responsible for remaking him. He relies on his teacher, depends on all that he hears in the classroom and reads in his books. He becomes in every obvious way the worst student, a dummy mouthing the opinions of others. In this text, he realizes that the education he seeded for has had a negative effect on him. It has transformed him into a totally different individual from the person he once was. He his no longer in touch with his youth. He also realizes that he is a dummy. He basically Just repeats the findings of other people. He Is practically a mimics who has no Ideas of his own. He sees himself as a bad student. This begins to tell on him. After years spent unwilling to admit its attractions, I gestured nostalgically towards the past.I yearned for that time when I had not been so alone. I became impatient with books. I wanted experience more immediate. I feared the library silence. I silently scorned the gray, timid faces around me. I grew to hate the growing pages of dissertation on genre and renaissance literature. (In my mind I heard relatives laughing as they tried to make sense of its title. ) I wanted something I couldnt say exactly what. I told myself that I wanted a more passionate life. And a life less thoughtful. And above all, I wanted to be less alone. Here he begins to miss his past and the person he was once. The boy who always spent time with his family. He wasnt alone back then. Always had his family around, but not the same anymore. He got tired of reading. He wanted to see life as it was. He wanted to experience things now because there is nothing like seeing it for yourself. He finally realized the kind of life he was leaving. He began to detest the library and the people around it. He wanted an extravagant and enthusiastic life. He wanted people around him. He didnt want to be the lonely person he was.

The Hubble Space Telescope Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Hubble Space Telescope Essay, Research Paper The Hubble Telescope The new engineering is # 8220 ; The Hubble Space Telescope # 8221 ; . It is a reflecting telescope, that makes distant objects bigger. It helps us to take images of our existence, and makes them ten times clearer than any other telescope. The Hubble Space Telescope is the biggest, most complicated, and powerful telescope that was of all time sent into infinite. It # 8217 ; s revolving the Earth at approximately 380 stat mis ( 610 Kilometers ) above the Earth # 8217 ; s surface, and it # 8217 ; s atmosphere. It could assist us happen more grounds about black holes, and quasi-stellar radio sources. The Hubble Space Telescope is used to analyze the planets, stars, and our existence. It surveies ultraviolet radiation, which is blocked by the ambiance. Without his telescope we would non cognize anything about our existence. The Hubble Space Telescope is better and different than all other telescopes because the Hubble can take images of really subdued objects with it # 8217 ; s Faint Object Camera and can happen the exact places of stars with the Find Guidance Sensors. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hubble Space Telescope Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The most of import portion though is the lenses and mirrors that are used to do images of the objects. It has a really big impact on our society # 8217 ; s economic system because it costs a batch of money to run and most of it comes out of our revenue enhancements. Besides if it breaks or needs replacing parts it will be a batch of money. It will besides make new occupations including care, fixs, and surveies. It will hold a really good societal consequence on our economic system. It will heighten our cognition and apprehension of the existence. It will assist us understand stars an 500 planets. It may even happen galaxies we neer knew existed until the telescope. The positive impact the Hubble Space Telescope has on humanity is that we can now take images in infinite without holding them come out blurry like they were in the yesteryear. It besides helps us take more focussed and enlightening images of our existence. Astronomers expect that the Hubble Space Telescope will assist us happen out the size and age of the existence. The Hubble helped us happen out a batch about black holes, stars and the planets. The Hubble Space Telescope can besides negatively affect humanity because if it breaks down or needs fix, it could take a long clip to repair. Which can be really dearly-won. There is besides the possibility of the telescope being damaged by infinite dust. There is no manner possible to buy this equipment since it costs 1000000s. The authorities has invested in the new engineering. NASA ( ) is presently running the control and care of The Hubble Telescope. There are no engineerings at this clip that will impact this one. But one twenty-four hours they might contrive a telescope that will farther educate our society about our existence. Mentions 1. Dennis B. Fradin, Space Telescope, Chicago, Regensteiner Printing Enterprise in 1987. 2. Popular Science, Deluxe Library Edition. Volume 1, right of first publication 1992 by Grolier ( Incorporated ) . 3. Eric J. Chaisson, The Hubble Wars. Copyright 1994 by Eric J. Chaisson. 4. NASA K-12 Internet: Live from the? .. , hypertext transfer protocol: //quest.arc.nasa.gov: 80/hst/about/easy.html

The Success of Dell Computers essays

The Success of Dell Computers essays Dell computers are one of the leaders within the computer hardware industry. Started in the late 1980s, it was viewed as a small player within the market by powerhouses such as IBM until its proven sales strategy and production mechanism vaulted it to the top of the industry. A careful analysis of its marketing mix will show how it has effectively positioned itself in the market to succeed on a fundamental level. First, an analysis of Dells overall company strategy and its marketing mix in terms of corporate strategy will take place. Then a further detailed analysis of one of its most successful Desktop PC models will be examined, the Dimension Desktop series. Finally we will examine another line of Dell PCs that have not faired very well in its particular sector, their XPS notebook series. Through a careful analysis of the marketing mix, we will be able to identify both the strengths and weaknesses of the Dell product line and corporate strategy. As an overall company, Dells primary strength is reliant on its strong supply chain and pricing. Price therefore is the key to their marketing mix because its both their strongest offering and their branding niche. Dell is known for top of the line desktops at affordable prices. The price not only is directed to their overall products but also to their customer service, warranty policies and other amenities. The bottom line is that Dell maneuvered itself into creating great value at an affordable price. The second key to the marketing mix, product, is a much more ambiguous area for Dell. The reason for this is that there are many higher-grade products on the market within the desktop industry than Dell products. However, it is because they provide respectable quality products at a very reasonable price that it can get away with not being the leader within the industry on product quality. Its overall promotional strategy is very much d...

Waiting with Bated Breath

Waiting with Bated Breath Waiting with Bated Breath Waiting with Bated Breath By Maeve Maddox I laughed when I read the following in a film review: Richard M. Nixon granted British playboy presenter turned journalist David Frost a series of twelve television interviews. This was the first time Nixon had spoken since his resignation in the midst of the Watergate scandal and Americans waited with baited breath, longing for the trial they’d been denied by newly president Gerald Ford’s blanket pardon. What, I wondered, did those Americans use for bait on their breath? I’m no longer laughing. Apparently a lot of people don’t know that the word is spelled bated in the expression bated breath. Journalists tend to spell it correctly: China’s three astronauts are preparing for the nations first ever space walk as the country waited with bated breath to see if the manoeuvre, deemed highly risky, would be successful. With global automotive CEOs and leaders like Mr Carlos Ghosn saying that his company too would like to explore the possibility of manufacturing a similar car, the world’s media too has been waiting with bated breath for the Tata ultra-low cost car. Shoppers waited with bated breath in November to see what the future of Santas beady, winking eye was after he received a makeover. Many bloggers, on the other hand, tend to go with â€Å"baited† We waited with baited breath, turned our lonely eyes 2 U It was now Rome who waited with baited breath for the day when an army would sweep down.. â€Å"I was waiting with baited breath until I could order my prints. I was then waiting with baited breath until the order was confirmed. I then waited with baited breath until they arrived here in Melbourne, Australia. Now I am waiting with baited breath until they are back from the framing shop and I can hang all three in my house and gaze at them adoringly each time I pass them. The expression bated breath is another that we owe to Shakespeare: Shall I bend low and in a bondmans key, With bated breath and whispering humbleness, Say this; Fair sir, you spit on me on Wednesday last; You spurnd me such a day; another time You calld me dog; and for these courtesies Ill lend you thus much moneys? Shylock is speaking, with heavy sarcasm, to Antonio in the Merchant of Venice (I,iii). A bondman is a slave or an indentured servant who could be expected to speak in a quiet voice to his masters and betters. The bated in the expression is from a shortening of the verb abate and, in the form bate, means â€Å"to reduce, to lessen in intensity.† The expression under discussion is the only survival of the word in modern English. The person who â€Å"speaks with bated breath† is not using full lung power. The person who â€Å"waits with bated breath† is holding his breath, or barely breathing. Abate comes from Old French abattre, â€Å"to beat down, cast down. from a Latin origin meaning â€Å"to beat.† The word abattoir, a place where cattle are slaughtered, derives from the same source. In modern usage, abate is used most frequently in a legal context. For example, â€Å"noise abatement laws† seek to control sources of excessive noise. The noun bait, food put on a hook or trap to lure prey,† is from an Old Norse word. As a verb it means â€Å"to put food on a hook or in a trap.† And yes, there is one context in which â€Å"baited breath† would be correct: Cruel Clever Cat Sally, having swallowed cheese, Directs down holes the scented breeze, Enticing thus with baited breath Nice mice to an untimely death. Geoffrey Taylor, Argosy 1940 Otherwise, it’s bated breath. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in SYay, Hooray, Woo-hoo and Other Acclamations20 Classic Novels You Can Read in One Sitting

Analyzing Visual Texts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analyzing Visual Texts - Essay Example The portrait pictures a ship which seemed to have been wrecked on a beach with a few sailors seemingly having escaped the doomed ship. This portrait also portrays the sailors in a boat on sandy cove with the entrance of a dark cave mouth just behind the sailors in the boat. The most striking thing about this picture is the sailors who seem to be struggling with violent waves near a beach with the silhouette of a wrecked ship in the distance. The centrality of the light tower in the painting is of utmost importance as it offers a different perspective to the picture. This portrait portrays the message of the lack of understanding of the forces of nature and the struggle between man and these forces. Discussion The most important element that the author intends to convey is with regard to the characters in the portrait that are a representation of the people of the 18th century. It has to be noted that this was a time when marine disasters and accidents were a common occurrence which c aptured the popular imagination. The characters are drawn in bright colors in order to distinguish them and make them stand out from the rest of the portrait elements. The characters are portrayed at the very edge and bottom of the portrait to put forth the message of the omnipotence of nature and how little power man had over nature. This is in contrast to the forces of nature such as the clouds and waves which are portrayed in bold and angry strokes to show their power. The characters being relegated to a role in the bottom of the portrait yet being in the foreground enables the author to focus attention on the characters but more on the powers of nature as shown by the centrality of the great white waves threatening the sailors. The portrait takes advantage of the attitudes of the times in whipping up emotions and taking advantage of the lack of understanding of nature by the audience. The audience of this portrait live in a period in which very little is understood of nature. Na ture is perceived as being omnipotent and all powerful. A great surging white wave is pictured bending and breaking in the middle of the portrait in what may be perceived as portrayal of the power of nature. The picture is intended to show the great power of nature over man. The men in the picture seem to be in a losing struggle to save their lives. Through the centrality of the great white wave which threatens to wash them out to sea, the author intends to show the futility of man trying to struggle with nature. Nature seems to have won by taking some few lives as can be seen from the vague outlines of bodies floating on the water near the boat. It would seem that the breaking and bending of the wave near the shipwrecked sailors, is an assertion that nature is supreme. Nature seems to be asserting its dominance and demanding respect from the sailors. The sailor who is depicted as holding his hands over his head in a gesture of prayer offers an even more profound understanding of ho w religion was used in understanding nature. Religion is an important element which the author intends to put into use in explaining the audience’s attitudes towards nature. Due to little knowledge on science and how to interpret the weather and other forces of nature scientifically, religion was the main way through which these people tried to understand natural phenomenon. The author in picturing a sailor in a posture of appeal to the

Are cell phones really dangerous to people Essay

Are cell phones really dangerous to people - Essay Example Are cell phones really dangerous to people? The control of the advertising of cell phones would be another important measure for preventing the extended exposure of people to the cell phones’ radiation. Cell phones should be regarded, as tools of communication and their use should be limited in cases of emergency. Otherwise, the increase of fatal incidents and diseases because of cell phones would not be controlled. Moreover, the terms under which the access to cell phones has been permitted to teenagers have been reviewed – taking into consideration the fact that people of this age are less likely to pay attention at the risks related to the use of cell phones – as highlighted in relevant academic studies. At this point, the following problem has been identified: children have often access to cell phones with the permission of their parents. This trend is extremely dangerous especially since scientists have set severe restrictions regarding the potential use of cell phones by children – but these restrictions seem to be ignored by most of people worldwide. At this point the following problem appears: are cell phones really dangerous to people? This problem has been explored through a series of relevant studies. It is proved that cell phones can actually harm the health; moreover, it seems that the risks for health can be severe for people of all ages. At the next level, it has been made clear that the ways in which cell phones can affect the health of humans can vary; the direct use of cell phone may be less harmful compared to the residence near a cell phone tower. In the article of Geoffrey, published online by the Independent, reference is made to the research of Dr Vini Khurana who studied the effects of cell phones on health; the above research led to the following findings: ‘the use of handsets for 10 years or more can double the risk of brain cancer’ (Geoffrey par.3). In the above study, emphasis is also given on the fact that certain types of cancer can take quite long to develop – even up to a decade; therefore, the above study – having lasted for such period - provides a precise estimation of the potential effects of cell phones on brain. Another important finding of the study of Khurana has been the following one: cell phones can be more dangerous from smoking (par.1); the above finding indicates the level of risk related to the use of cell phones but also the level at which cell phones intervene in daily activities having led to the development of addiction similar to smoking – as this problem is revealed through the study presented above. The various aspects of the danger of cell phones for human health are analyzed in the article of Kovach, published online by the magazine Life Extension; in the above article reference is made to the findings of the research developed by George Carlo, a medical scientist who has spent years on studying the effects of cell phones – both of handsets and cell phone towers – on health; his research lasted from 1993 up to 1999 and reveals a series of important aspects of the health risks related to the use of cell phones (par.3, 4). The key findings of his study could be summarized as follows: a) cell phones are not tested as for their risks for health; they enter the market without any testing, as a result of a legislative gap of the peri od when these devices appeared – the 1980s (par.5), b) cell phones can cause severe problems of health, even death, since they are involved in the continuous transmission of waves which can adversely affect the bio-field of humans (par.6); it is possible for this reason that cell phones have been also related to the changes in the DNA of their users –

Drug Testing Welfare Recipients -- Article Analysis Essay Example for Free

Drug Testing Welfare Recipients Article Analysis Essay Jonathon Walters author of â€Å"Should Welfare Recipients be Drug Tested?† published an article on March 13, 2012 for Governing: The State and Localities that provided readers with several points of interest when discussing drug testing welfare recipients. Walters states in his article â€Å"According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, almost two dozen states are considering bills that require drug testing those either applying for or receiving public benefits, a policy that has been cut down in the courts before because the Fourth Amendment grants that every individual be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures. (Should Welfare Recipients be Drug Tested? para 1.) This paragraph explains that states are having difficulty passing this bill because the government feels that it violates American’s 4th amendment. Walters brings up arguments from both a favoring side and an opposing side. Favoring sides would not want to give someone government benefits if they are using the benefits to support a drug habit and could save the government money by denying applicants. The opposing side feels that drug testing would come to a great expense to the government and rather than drug testing an individual who needs help because of their drug addiction other programs such as rehab would save money to local, state and federal governments. The author feels that both are good arguments. To further continue on the opposing side of drug testing welfare recipients; Walters explains that â€Å"Drug testing is expensive. Tests cost anywhere from $35 to $75 to administer, according to the liberal-leaning Center for Law and Public Policy. By their math, it would cost anywhere from $20,000 to $77,000 to catch one drug abuser.† (Should Welfare Recipients be Drug Tested? para. 4). On the favoring side legislators have a different calculation and use evidence that biometric screenings such as finger printing lower numbers of participation among welfare recipients. States that do not participate in finger printing have more people applying for welfare. Walters feels that this would be a â€Å"cynical† way of lowering costs. Opposing sides also feel by isolating those who are at risk, for example ex-felons may lead them down a wrong path again because applying for welfare is much harder, therefore, costing the government more money by putting them back in jail and providing them with treatment. Walters asks how will the government determine who receives welfare and how do we make sure that the wrong person doesn’t receive it? Technology will help determine that mistakes won’t be made. â€Å"The public, in general, supports providing help to those who really need it. In that regard, states and localities are developing much more precise tools mostly thanks to improved information technology to ensure that only those who qualify for benefits receive them (and, not incidentally, to ensure that those providing services arent gaming the system).† (Should Welfare Recipients be Drug Tested? para. 8). Overall, Jonathon Walters remains neutral throughout the article and provides detailed rebuttals for both opposing and favoring sides. He agreed that both sides had good arguments and in the end it would be up to America in the long run to decide what is best for its people. References Walterss, J. (2012, March 13) Should Welfare Recipients Be Drug Tested? Governing: The States and Localities. Retrieved from: http://www.governing.com/topics/health-human-services/testing-welfare-recipients-drugs.html

Acid Rain :: essays research papers fc

Acid Rain and its Effects On Our Aquatic Ecosystems In the past century, one of the greatest threats to North America's aquatic ecosystem has been the widespread acidification of hundreds of thousands of waterways. Acid rain has effected plant and animal life within aquatic ecosystems, as well as microbiologic activity by affecting the rates of decomposition and the accumulation of organic matter. What causes this poisonous rain, and what can be done to improve North America's water quality and prevent future catastrophes? To answer these questions, we must first examine the cause and formation of acid rain, as well as understand ways to decrease or prevent its formation. Formation of acid rain. Acid deposition, more commonly known as acid rain, occurs when emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) react in the atmosphere with water, oxygen, and oxidants to form acidic compounds. This mixture forms a mild solution of sulfuric and nitric acid which then falls to the earth in either wet (rain, snow, sleet or fog) or dry (gas and particles) form. Approximately one-half of the atmosphere's acidity falls back to earth through dry deposition in the form of particles and gases, and are then spread hundreds of miles by winds where they settle on surfaces of buildings, cars, homes, and trees. When acid rain falls, the dry deposited gases and particles are sometimes washed from buildings, trees and other surfaces making the runoff water combine with the acid rain more acidic than the falling acid rain alone. This new combination is referred to as acid deposition. The runoff water is then transported by strong prevailing winds and public sewer systems into lakes and s treams. Although some natural sources such as volcanic eruptions, fire and lightening contribute to the emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere, more than 90% is the result of human activities such as coal burning, smelting of metals such as zinc, nickel and copper, and the burning of oil, coal and gas in power plants and automobiles. When does rain become acidic? Scientists determine whether rain or lake water is acidic by measuring its pH (the measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a scale of 0 to 14). A value of 7 is considered neutral, whereas values less than 7 are acidic and values over 7 are alkaline or basic. A change of one unit on the pH scale represents a factor of ten in acidity; for example, a solution with a pH of five is ten times as acid as one with a pH of six .

How Does Wilfred Owen Provoke Sympathy for His Protagonist in ‘Disabled Essay

Owen provokes sympathy for his main character throughout the book and in every stanza. In the opening stanza Owen connects the reader with the main character, by making the reader feel sorry for him. The boy feels as though he is ‘waiting for dark,’ this makes the reader feel pity on the boy, as he knows he is waiting to die. By connecting the reader with the protagonist they feel more sympathy for him and they feel upset when he feels lonely and isolated. ‘ Voices of play and pleasure,’ tells the reader that the boys in the park are happy and the boy in the wheeled chair probably used to be like that, but now he is in a wheeled chair he will never be able to get his youth back. This makes the reader feel sympathy as the main character will never be able to be a child again and experience his youth. Owen shows the reader that ‘sleep had mothered them from him,’ he said this to show the reader that he is some sort of monster and children need to be saved from him. This provokes sympathy in the protagonist because he is unable to be seen normally by people now he is in a wheeled chair. In the second stanza sympathy is created in a different way to the first, in the second stanza, Owen tells the reader about what the boy in the wheeled chair misses. The boy misses girls, he think he will never feel love or intimacy again, ‘never feel again how slim girls’ waists are,’ Owen uses never as a hyperbole to exaggerate the boys sadness about never being able to be with a girl. The boy feels all the ‘girls glanced lovelier,’ as he can’t have any of the girls anymore he feels as though they are all beautiful and he wants to be with all of them. ‘All of them touch him like some queer disease,’ Owen uses â€Å"all of them,† a hyperbole, is used to show that the soldier feels alienated from everyone, specifically women, who his disability repels. This makes the reader feel sorry for him because he will never be treated normally and people don’t really want to touch him especially girls, as they are the ones he m isses the most. The third stanza creates sympathy by using mainly the boy’s youth and innocence. Owen does this so the reader feels connected with the boy; people feel more sympathy for someone who lives a short life than for someone who dies living a full life. Owen says that last year he was ‘younger than his youth,’ but ‘now he is old,’ this shows sympathy for the boy as he lost his youth and life in one year. The reader feels sorry for the boy also as ‘he’s lost his colour very far from here,’ the lack of detail about his location shows the reader that the boy may not have known where he was. ‘Poured it down shell-holes till the veins ran dry,’ Owen uses this metaphor to convey the boy pouring his life a way and he uses imagery so the reader can picture in their heads what he must have gone through and feel pity towards him. When Owen says that ‘one time he liked a blood smear down his leg,’ and he was ‘carried shoulder high,’ the boy used to like being a hero and impressing people such as his teammates and girls. This makes the reader feel sorry for the boy as no-one thinks he is a hero anymore and that was probably the reason he joined, to become a hero. Owen says that the boy had ‘drunk a peg,’ and ‘thought he’d better join,’ which provokes sympathy by showing the reader he only joined due to of peer pressure and he probably felt if he hadn’t joined he would be letting the football team down. Owen provokes sympathy in the fourth stanza by portraying to the reader that it was not the protagonist’s fault that he has the injuries. Owen firstly blames women for it, he says the boy joined the army ‘to please his Meg,’ Owen uses Meg to be symbolic of all women as Meg was a common name in those times. The fact that he joined for a girl makes the reader feel sorry fort the boy because he did not know what he was getting into and he was just trying to be a hero to impress girls, but by the end girls didn’t even notice him. Owen shows anger towards women and says ‘to please the giddy jilts,’ which was very insulting to women and he basically said they are just there to be impressed by men.

Why More People Eat Fast Food

Fast Food In our American society today where waking up early each morning to get ready for work has becoming a very huge part of our daily life, we realize that people are becoming more busy even to the point of becoming lazy since they barely have any time to cook for themselves or for their families and therefore, this has lead to the increasing number of fast food restaurants everywhere we go.Pick McDonalds, Subways and Wendy’s for example; there is no corner you will step that you wouldn't end up seeing their sign because all this fast food are very cheap, very convenient and they taste really good and therefore explains why more people eat fast food this days. In a society where money has become a very big financial problem to many people especially family, eating fast food majority of the time will help them save some money because it is very cheap.Many people will prefer eating at fast food restaurant much cheaper than eating at other restaurant because at a fast food restaurant, a person can get a full meal with less than ten dollars but at a fancy restaurants, ten dollars can only get you a beverage and nothing more people to eat fast food without even thinking about the health problems. Even though eating fast foods are very unhealthy, most people will prefer that over going to buy groceries for cooking because it is very cheap and saves a person more money but it can sometimes be healthy just eating a home cooked food depending on what you prefer to eat.More people today tend to eat more fast food rather than home cooked food because it is very convenient. We no longer live in a society where we wake up early in the morning to make breakfast for ourselves because we do not have enough time due to our busy schedule so therefore, making a quick stop at a local fast food restaurant will help us get our day started. The time limit we have when it comes to taking a break at work or at school these days has become very short that, you do not even h ave enough time to at least make the bowl of noodles or sandwich you wish to have for lunch.In the case of having short breaks at work or school, our only options we have to getting something to eat in the few minutes is to run, drive fast or even walk fast for not more than a minutes and we will be able to get something to eat because the fast food restaurant isn't far from us. The convenience of fast food restaurants today has become very helpful to us especially to those who drive because it helps save gas, driving distance and it is very quick and this reason tends to explain why more people are eating fast food.More people are eating fast food this days because our taste buds have become more important to us than the content in the food we eat, whether it being healthy or not. Satisfying our cravings with some large fries and a cheeseburger from McDonalds or a long foot cheese steak from subway will make us feel better of ourselves even though it is unhealthy than eating some r ice with vegetables made at home even though . People wouldn't care about the percentage of fat in a McDonald’s burger because no one really thinks about what they are eating while they are eating it until they are done with it.As we all know, eating fast foods can bring about so many different types of sickness such as high cholesterol level, diabetes and obesity upon us but we still care because we just want to satisfy our cravings and our taste buds. Even though there are some fast food restaurants such as Subway that provide a nutritious and healthy meal but we will still prefer the other unhealthy fast foods over the healthy ones because they taste good and they satisfy our cravings.As our society keeps growing bigger and developing on a very fast pace, we realize that more people are eating more fast foods because they are very cheap, very convenient and they taste very good to satisfy our taste buds. People are getting so busy this days that, spending just some few min utes out of their business schedule to actually make something to eat has become a problem and therefore has also lead to the growing number of fast food restaurants and the increasing number of people who eat there.We realize the cost of buying groceries in order to put a meal on the table has increased to about two times the money you will spend to eat fast food and this explains why more people are eating fast food today. With money being a big problem in our economy today, people have learned to make tight budgets in order to keep them financially stable and spending more money on food needs to be the very last decision any one will make so therefore, eating fast foods will be the best way for people to save some money and also satisfy their taste buds. Even though we all know how unhealthy fast food, everyone eats them for their own reasons.

The Game Plan Essay Example

The Game Plan Essay Example The Game Plan Essay The Game Plan Essay Essay Topic: Enders Game David Hunter (1998) once wrote, ‘football is there for life. It never goes stale. ’ (p. 37). In a sport as lasting as football, every member of the team must strive to perform at his best, all the time. Like any other sport, every team member plays a crucial part in the game. The goalkeeper, for instance, must be well skilled and carefully trained for they are in the forefront of the offense and the final straw in the team’s defense (Benjamin, 2007). The following 8-week training scheme will help the goalie increase his efficacy in the team- which will definitely provide a better statistic result for himself and the team as well. According to Jeff Benjamin (2007), there is a proper way of teaching goalkeeping techniques: footwork, catching, and proper positioning. Teaching them in that order is necessary to build proper foundation in the later and more advanced training. In a lecture that he gave for the South Dakota Soccer Team, goalkeeper turned soccer coach Brian Pitts (2008) told his students that there are a couple of techniques that one must have and develop fully to be able to be an effective goalie. His points mostly revolved on the types of attacking distribution, attacking ideas, defense during the play, setting-up of plays, and other defensive considerations. Aside from the physical training that the goalkeeper must endure, he must also undergo some psychological training to prepare him to be an effective decision maker, especially on that crucial split-second decision making (Benjamin, 2007). The Rough Play For the 8-week duration of this training, we will be distribute the four areas- fitness, technical, tactical, and psychological in a two-week interval, respectively. As the weeks go by, lessons from the previous week shall be inculcated with the additional training program. Say for example, before beginning with the technical training on the start of the third week, fitness drills will be performed first. Then so on, and so forth until the day of the last week, which is the culmination game wherein everything that is taught must be applied in the game. Fit for a goalie. Fitness training should be first in line because to be able to function properly as a goalkeeper, one must be physically fit to the demands of the role. A good set of warm-up and footwork exercises are crucial for the preparation of a goalkeeper. Rhythm is one of the vital things that a goalkeeper must learn. We can inculcate this through doing continuous warm-up exercises that promote that- jogging with various movements. Do it in variation: forward, lateral, backward and varying directions (Thomas, 2006, p. 10). Of course, like in any other sport, stretching, flexibility, and mobility drills are fundamental as well. As for the goalkeeper, focus should be on shoulders, trunk, lower back, groins, hamstrings and calves (Thomas, 2006, p.10). Another thing thatwould promote good rhythm in a goalie is footwork. As part of the warm-up exercise, we can use the drill made by Martin Thomas for Middlesex County. Image 1 on the left illustrates how basic footwork drills should be done. The focus of this exercise lies on the goalkeeper’s balance, coordination, rhythm, tempo, and shape (2006, p. 10). Act like one. To be a good and effective goalkeeper, one must be able to act like one. ‘If the goalkeeper feels comfortable and has a good and consistent handling of the ball then it is not a problem’ (Thomas, 2006, p.2). For the purpose of this training, basic positioning and stance are to be taught. We will be adapting a couple moe of Middlesex Coaching and Managers Association’s goalkeeping practices for this part. As per Coach Thomas, first to establish is the ‘Set Position’. Frequent difficulties encountered with this stance are as follows: goalkeeper’s starting position vis-a-vis to the ball, movement towards the line of the ball, and the initial assessment on which technique is most effective for the situation (p. 2). To prevent those difficulties from affecting the game, the main idea is that the goalkeeper must be able feel at ease. Distance of feet from each other should approximately be shoulder width apart; for a balanced position, most of the weight should be on the front half of the feet and body weight geared slightly forward; elbows must be narrow with and chest is facing the ball while hands must be ball width apart and should be located in front of the bodyline; lastly, head should be kept still (p. 2). Another useful method according to Thomas (2006) is the ‘Cup Technique’. Basically, this move is concerned on the goalkeeper’s ability to secure the ball when he catches it, thus ‘cupping’ with the use of his hands and body. Key pointers for this move are that the goal keeper must keep his chest square and the hands must be in front of the bodyline. Elbows should be tucked in with palms facing up. Don’t forget to spread the fingers. The midriff should be the part of the body that’s going to take the impact of the ball (p. 4). Image 2 portrays the Up-Down Agility and Diving drill which workouts the capability of the keeper to catch and run for the ball. This drill is one of the basic moves that one must be able to practice and execute well. Antic for tactics. The goalkeeper is not just responsible for the defensive play of the team but also with the communication of every member in the field. Four important key words for this part are: loud, clear, calm, and concise (Thomas, 2006, p. 9). Also, the goalie is the one responsible for the traffic of the team inside the playing field. Keepers also play the ‘second coach out on the field’ (Benjamin, 2003). The two basic call outs for the goalie are ‘away’ and ‘keeper’. The first one is a tell-sign that the goalkeeper is recovering to defend the goal and the command tells the defenders to go to their pushing out positions. The second call out, on the other hand, tells that his route should be quickest and shortest route to score. The key here is timing and proper angle (Thomas, 2006, p. 9). Think as you walk. As Jeff Benjamin (2003) wrote, ‘the position of the goalkeeper is one of the most psychologically demanding on the field†¦you can’t be stupid and play goal, but perhaps you must be a little crazy’. It’s not all about pressure on trying to do well in every game, but also having fun. One can truly enjoy his post, on whatever game he may be in, if he loves what he is doing. Finding the perfect position for you in a team is not that easy. You must be able to think like one to be able to act like one. As for everything else, perfection comes after continuous repetition. ‘Doing it right every time is what separates a good goalkeeper from a great one’ (Benjamin, 2003). The Goalie Scores After the eight-week goalkeeper training, the trainee is expected to increase his over-all performance statistics. Aside from that, the keeper should be able to exhibit a huge improvement on his personality in the field. Because he is now knowledgeable of his duties and roles in the court, he is now likely to be keener in every move that he commit. In addition to the drills mentioned above, further exercises can be included in the regular routine so as to continuously develop the skills of the goalkeeper. Handling corners and dealing with crosses are perhaps one of those techniques that the keeper must be keen on. Moving on an advanced level for this drill will ensure that the keeper will be able to practice his assessment decision, communication skills, timing of take off, and of course, catch-punch skills (Thomas, 2006, p. 17). Increasing the repetitions for this exercise will also help the keeper improve. Another consideration that one might want to take is the goalkeeper’s way of communicating with the rest of the team. As mentioned earlier, the keeper is not just the defender on that post, but he is also the second coach on the field. With that in mind, interactive drills involving the rest of the team must also be done. This 6v6 plus goalkeeper drill aims to utilize the accuracy of the keeper’s throwing and kicking technique. His communication and transition skills are also to be measured here. For the goalkeeper to be able to prove effective and reliable, he must be able to put not only in his actions, but in his mind as well that the game depends on how he performs and enjoy his role in the team. Reference List Benjamin, J. (2007). Jeff Benjamin’s

Experiment in Joy †5 Steps to Create It and Sustain It

Experiment in Joy – 5 Steps to Create It and Sustain It The Experiment In August 2014, Call Response, a group of seven Black women performers, from seven cities, presented their freshly minted, powerful works at a festival at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio. This in itself is remarkable. Antioch, after all, had not exactly been a hotbed of discourse and creativity for Black women prior to 2014. In fact, the festival would never have happened if it weren’t for a professor named Gabrielle Civil, who made the unlikely choice of accepting an appointment there when she experienced the enthusiasm of the faculty who hired her. Part of her demand before accepting the position was that Antioch would hold a festival of Black women and performance. Even more remarkable is the process by which these performances were generated. A month before the August festival, the women had convened to perform select pre-existing works and share ideas in service of their main artistic task: â€Å"to produce the Call, the collective prompt for artistic action, that would articulate [their] ideas about art making and catalyze †¦ new performances.† The core questions they asked: What would move us forward in Black feminist practice? What would it mean for us as Black women artists to claim joy? Establishing the Call The Call they ultimately birthed, and which underpinned the August performance, was dubbed â€Å"Experiments in Joy.† Its profound components are as follows: Tell the truth. Create something new. Let someone in. Document. Repeat. I first learned about these Experiments at my 25th Yale reunion this past weekend, and I have been turning the components and the message over in my own head. While created for a specific community and purpose, the Call can spur all of us into our creativity and into action. The Dangers of Achievement Earlier in the weekend, my mom and I had met with an old friend of hers and my dad’s. This former Yale Admissions Officer shared that although his life looks wonderful objectively – he has a loving wife, financial stability, and a summer vacation house in Nova Scotia – he wakes up many mornings feeling sad and unmotivated. He self-identified as an â€Å"Eeyore,† the donkey character from Winnie the Pooh who complains about everything and sees very little hope for his life. I told him about James Lawrence, a 39-year-old who decided he would race 50 Ironman races. Not just 50 in his lifetime, but 50 in 50 days! To make things really easy, he vowed to run these 50 Ironmans in 50 states. Did he complete his goal? You bet he did, even with an early injury that required him to swim some of the races with one arm. Amazing right? â€Å"I bet he got really down after he completed those races,† said Eeyore. And in fact he was right. Mr. Lawrence has been struggling with his motivation since he completed the races. Looking at the Experiment in Joy, I see that Lawrence covered numbers 2,3 and 4 of the Call but I’m not sure whether he did numbers 1 and 5. He repeated the Ironman 50 times but then stopped. And there was no particular truth telling that I know of at the foundation of his physical challenge. Thus, when it was over, he was left without joy. Your Personal Experiment in Joy I wonder what our Yale friend would create if he were to use the recipe for joy in the Call? I wonder what I would create? I recognize that my blog is a creation that meets the Joy criteria. Each week I tell the truth about something, create an article that has never been written before, share it (let many people in), document it, and repeat the next week. Notice the trick in the Call. That fifth element is the most important really. Creating something and being vulnerable about it will only bring joy for so long. It’s the repetition, the telling of a new truth, perhaps in a new way, that keeps the joy alive. I’ll be honest: Each week lately I have struggled with what to write in my blog, and I have often not come up with an idea until late Sunday night or even Monday morning, which is my deadline. But when I write something meaningful and new, I do feel joy. And I feel joy when people tell me I’ve given them tools they will use or insight into their own lives or a new way of approaching life. I will be continuing to explore ways that I can respond to the Call to Joy in my life. What would your truth be? Your new creation? Where does your Joy reside? Note: A more thorough explanation and account of the Call to Joy project can be found in volume 41 nos. 1-2 of the creative/scholarly journal Obsidian: Literature Arts in the African Diaspora. Participating performers: Gabrielle Civil, Duriel E. Harris, Kenyatta A.C. Hinkle, Rosamond S. King, Wura-Natasha Ogunji, Mirà © Regulus, Awilda Rodrà ­guez Lora

Topic list in the file Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Topic list in the file - Essay Example By the end of the 20th century, there was a complete turnaround of gender norms comprising of mixed and reversed roles among both genders from the reserved gender roles that were exhibited and practiced at the onset of the 20th century. This paper will analyze the characteristics of the 20th century gender norms and the way these norms were enforced and justified by both genders. On the first phase of the analysis, gender norms that surfaced in the first half of the 20th century will be discussed, each with their respective enforcements. This phase contains significant gender evolutionary milestones like women suffrage, and women’s increased responsibility in acting as subordinates to men during the first and second World Wars. The second phase that constitutes the second half of the 20th century displays more dynamism in gender norms reconstruction. These go on till finally, there is a form of gender norm balance and satisfaction from both ends at the end of the 20th century. The need for a more aligned gender norm definition does not stop, as the same plea flows over into the 21st century. The conclusion of the defined characters will be succeeded with a brief explanation of the challenges that were encountered in a continual bid to adopt and accept the changes in gender norms through the 20th century. Gender norms transition: 1900 – 1950 The onset of the 20th century carried itself along with the strict gender norms that were adhered to at the close of the 19th century. The increased industrial age had amplified the disparities in the gender norms where the men were categorized as the society’s producers and the women classed as protectors of the comfort havens the men came to roost after their daily works. The women in the society thus maintained a low profile in the society with their area of confinement maintained as the household where they took care of the children, prepared food, and carried out other household chores that would ta ke away that burden from their men’s activity list (Ryan 34). In the years that preceded the 1920s, women’s suffrage was the key fight by women that aimed at giving the native-born American woman the power to participate in politics and the right to vote. This fight had persisted during the last 40 years of the 19th century with associations such as the American Women’s Suffrage Association (AWSA) by Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell in 1869 and National Women’s Suffrage Association (NWSA) by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in the same year. The cries for women’s suffrage were initially ignored by the chauvinistic-dominated male administration. The years between 1910 and 1920 marked the most active years for the fighting for women’s right to vote and emphasized by an active lobbyist, Catt, who utilized her personal relation skills to obtain more than 500,000 signatures attesting for women’s suffrage. Since the advent of polit ics, it was a preserve of men whose position in politics was justified by claims of them being able enough to make decisions. Further, it was alleged that women were too religious to soil their morality in politics, which was allegedly dirty. It was preferred that they kept their sanctity and helped uphold the moral values in families and the society (Ryan 58). After many years of activism, 1922 was the year of victory when women participated for

Why is graduate study important at this time in your life Essay

Why is graduate study important at this time in your life - Essay Example As an initial matter, I am vested with many supervisory and training responsibilities. I am directly responsible for training staff in routine clerical and administrative matters. My function is to ensure that these staff members are familiar with Department of Transportation policy and able to accomplish the purposes of our office. In addition to initial training, I continue to supervise these workers and keep them up-to-date with changes in policy and duties. In addition, my job requires a great deal of planning. This involves the delegation of assignments, matching personnel to work projects, and evaluating alternative courses of action for certain work projects and assignments. Another important aspect of my job involves the need to keep detailed and comprehensive reports and records. As a state agency, these are important and time-consuming responsibilities. I prepare charts, tables and reports and enter them into our computer program for evaluation by my superiors. I maintain the agency manual, the electronic tracking system, and make modifications when necessary. The final aspect of my job is related to a more generalized administrative support function. ... This is because I believe that I have completed the previous steps in my educational and professional career that are necessary for graduate study to become both more meaningful and more necessary. In addition, I believe that I have exhausted a great many challenges thus far in my professional life, and that it is time to expand my theoretical knowledge and to prepare myself more full for additional challenges and opportunities. Really, there couldn't be a better time for me to pursue graduate study. I earned my BA in Business Administration from Baruch College back in 2001, and I have updated my professional skills and work experience over the past five years. I have, for example, completed an income tax course through H&R Block, became a notary public and joined the Notary Public Association, improved my technical and computer software skills, and worked closely with many experienced workers and supervisors at the New York Department of Transportation. I have, in sum, developed a more comprehensive theoretical background to a variety of substantive and administrative issues, and also attained a wealth of work experience. I am familiar with many successful methods of operation and also aware of certain shortcomings which need improvements or different approaches. Based on the foregoing, I believe that I am at the perfect stage of development for graduate study. This is because I have the experience to value the knowledge, the interactions, and the opportunities offered by graduate study. I will enter as a graduate study with real-world experience, with questions to ask and consider, and with an understanding of how these issues play out in the real world.

Rationale of the Stability and Growth Pact Given the Maastricht Treaty Essay

Rationale of the Stability and Growth Pact Given the Maastricht Treaty Criteria and its Advantages and Disadvanatges - Essay Example These monetary advantages augment in relation to volume of trade and with the intensity of economic integration. As for the cost of the monetary union, it emanates from the savings in loss of the exchange rate as a fine-tuning variable to soothe the aggregate demand. (Quere et al 2010:390).Further, Exchange rate movements are liable to be a basis of asymmetric shocks and Mundells approach found the monetary union as a mode to condense asymmetric shocks and enhance insurance against them (Quere et al 2010:390). As per Mundells, elimination of Transaction costs will be the direct gains whereas price transparency will be the indirect gain. Many empirical studies have shown that there will be many gains from a monetary union and one of the main benefits will be the elimination of exchange rate transaction’s costs as there will be reduction in the size of price discrimination between national markets. (Llirjani 2006:73). According to Taylor (2005), transaction costs will include sa vings in currency conversion charges , reduction in bank commissions , charges and delays linked with cross-border payments by banks. As per an EU study , the elimination of transaction costs involving conversion of one currency into another is likely to enhance the GDP of the nations concerned by an aggregate of 0.4% for the EU as a whole per annum. (Macdonald 1999:201). Single monetary union will help to attain lower transaction costs as there will be no commission on foreign exchange transactions and there will be an elimination of costs of hedging the exchange rate risk. Under single monetary union, all member nations will enjoy lower interest rates. (Grauwe 2007:78). Many of the analysis of costs and benefits of Europe’s common currency is footed upon the theory of optimum currency areas . According to this concept, the benefits that accrue by sharing a common currency across nations’ frontiers include more uniform prices (price parity), greater certainty for inve stors , lower transactions costs and increased competition.(Carbaugh 2011 :307). A single monetary union will offer more advantages to exporters as it will put a full stop to domestic currency volatility and a diminution of peripheral currency volatility, which would facilitate exporters to visualise prospect markets with larger conviction. This will let loose a larger possibility for expansion of economy for participants of the monetary union. For instance ,in the recent years , Germany experienced economic development which is footed on vibrant corporate investments and export growth in the export sector(Herr & Kazandziska 2011:194) The chief advantage connected with a monetary union is that there will be welfare advantages due to better prospects or from less uncertainty for companies to maximise their revenues as future returns will be less risky. (Llirjani 2006:73).Further, less uncertainty will also fetch financial stability among member nations. For instance ,it is interestin g to observe that Spain, Italy and France attained 100%, 100%, and 68% respectively of their prior-EMU window variances that were greater than the post-EUM variation. (Mafi-Kreft & Sobel 2006). According to Balwin, Skudelny and Taglioni (2005), due to single

Moving through levels of care in health

Moving through levels of care in health A Health system can be defined as a group of people whose primary focus is to improve the health or wellbeing of others (WHO, 2005). These entities could include organizations such as hospitals and other health care services that respond to the needs of the population. This essay will focus on the three levels of care: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary and explore how patients move through these three levels of health care in New Zealand (NZ), the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). The similarities and differences between these systems will be highlighted and the accessibility of these providers will be discussed. There are three different levels of care in terms of Health Systems, each addressing the necessities of the patient and are organized into Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Care (Bodenheimer Grumbach, 2009). Primary care is usually the first point of contact for many individuals and focuses on ambulatory care such as general practitioners (GP’s), midwives and pharmacists. Healthcare at this level tends to be family orientated and situated around communities, treating ordinary, every day health problems (Alberta Physician Link, n.d.). The Secondary care level usually involves much more specialized services and is generally hospital based; examples include specialized physicians like pediatrics and obstetrics (Bodenheimer Grumbach, 2009). Tertiary care typically involves specialist physicians such as cardiac surgeons and immunologists. Care at this level comprises of the treatment of uncommon and complicated diseases (Bodenheimer Grumbach, 2009). The margin between secondary an d tertiary health care is difficult to distinguish between as enhancements in modern day technology means that surgeries that are associated with tertiary level is being introduced to local hospitals (French, Old, Healy, 2001). Patient flow through the three levels of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary care differs from country to country and is dependent on the country’s focus and organization. Each country operates differently in order to respond to the needs of the population. Patient flow in most cases is a stepwise process and enables efficiency in Health care systems. In New Zealand, individuals who have health problems will go directly to their GP as their first contact (French et al., 2001). The reason for this is, unless it’s an accidental and emergency situation, New Zealanders’ can only gain access to secondary and tertiary services by referrals from their GP’s. GP’s can be described as ‘gate keepers’ who hold the key to higher levels of health care (French et al., 2001). Only by obtaining this key – in this case a referral, will patients in NZ be able to gain access to secondary and tertiary care. The same situation also applies to private health sectors (French et al., 2001). If further diagnosis is required after seeing the GP, the patient will be referred to a specialist at a public hospital who will be the sole decision maker in deciding the urgency of the situation. If specialized assistance is required, the patient and their GP will be notified within ten days and will have an appointment within six months (Cumming et al., 2013). GP’s taking on the role as gate keepers will lead to the development of a strong patient-caregiver relationship, which eventually leads to better health outcomes (Bodenheimer Grumbach, 2009). In the United Kingdom, the British National Health Service (NHS) provides health care. The GPs here also take on the role of gatekeepers and apart from treating every day problems; they also provide prevention services such as immunization to prevent diseases and vaccinations (Boyle, 2011). Similar to New Zealand, patients are unable to gain access to secondary services unless they have a referral from their general practitioners (Bodenheimer Grumbach, 2009). This system differs from New Zealand in that a referral from a GP to access health care at the tertiary level is quite unusual and is usually attained by a referral from the secondary care level (Wheeler Grice, 2000). The exceptions to these regulations are accidental and emergency situations, for example, a trip to the Accidental and emergency department (AE) would not require a referral. The US health system focuses more on care at the tertiary level. This health system differs from NZ and UK in that patients are able to access secondary and tertiary levels of care without a referral (Bodenheimer Grumbach, 2009). In the US, patient flow is not as efficient and it has become customary for individuals to approach any doctor of their choice depending on their health problems (Bodenheimer Grumbach, 2009). The numerous roles specialists and doctors have to undertake accentuate the huge gap in primary care. In NZ and the UK where physicians specialize in providing health care at the secondary level, tertiary physicians in the US have to provide health care at both the primary and secondary level in order to make up for the lack of primary care providers (Bodenheimer Grumbach, 2009). Access to health care is how obtainable medical care is. There are numerous barriers to access and these include factors such as cost, transport and locations of hospitals relative to where individuals live. Each country differs in the way they attack certain barriers. The US health system focuses more on the concept of the dispersed model in terms of organization and is more orientated towards tertiary care (Bodenheimer Grumbach, 2009). Health insurance is a major factor that influences individual’s access to healthcare. Individuals in the US have employers who aid in the costs of health insurance. However, individuals who have employers that do not cover health insurance, have to figure out their own way to access health care (Bodenheimer Grumbach, 2009). More often than not, it is these individuals who do not fit the criteria for public health insurance and do not have the means to obtain private health insurance due to expensive premiums (Bodenheimer Grumbach, 2009). The number of uninsured people has been increasing and countless employers have responded to the ever-growing costs of health insurance by no longer providing it for their employees. Health insurance in the US poses as the biggest financial barrier towards access and Bode nheimer and Grumbach accentuates this point. Their findings reveal that those who are not insured receive less care, resulting in bad health consequences. The two main public health insurance companies in the US are Medicare and Medicaid. Medicaid’s target audience is for citizens aged 65+ and in low-income families while Medicare’s targets disabled individuals and residents who are 65+, under 65 year olds are funded by private insurance (The Commonwealth Fund, 2012). However, many physicians do not accept people with Medicaid insurance as this means they receive less payment. Compared to the individuals who are uninsured, those who are insured with Medicaid have a much more stable source of health care and access to other services. However, in contrast to the others who are privately insured, they are more likely to have difficulties when pursuing medical care and other prescriptions (Bodenheimer Grumbach, 2009). Numerous residents are underinsured and uninsured (The Commonwealth Fund, 2012) resulting in less people obtaining access to medical care. People are entitled to refer themselves to any level of health care depending on their situation, resulting in a large out of pocket fee if they were uninsured. However, access to health care is incredibly beneficial for the well off individuals who are able to afford private insurance. The US health system primary focus on the tertiary level impacts access as it allows entry into any level of care depending on the patient’s choice and this is incredibly advantageous for those who are well off, but poses as a disadvantage for the poor and those who cannot afford health insurance. In NZ, the health system focuses more on the regionalized model in terms of organization and is orientated towards primary health care. The Government along with the District Health Boards (DHB) and Primary Healthcare Organizations (PHO) plays a huge role in delivering health care to individuals in NZ (Gauld, 2012). There are two types of PHOs established, interim and access (Malcolm, 2004). Access PHOs subsidies 60-70% of GP costs for those in disadvantaged areas, whereas Interim PHOs subsidies 30-40% of GP costs for those who are in less disadvantaged areas (Malcolm, 2004). This will enable those who live in underprivileged areas to gain access to health care, without worrying about costs. Most hospital fees are free of charge with some additional expenses depending on different situations (Cumming et al., 2013), the government also subsidizes visits to the GP. This means that those who struggle financially will be more likely to access primary health care, enabling better health o utcomes, especially because a referral is needed in order to access secondary and tertiary levels of care. Individuals are also able to obtain private health insurance, allowing them to receive a private appointment with a surgical consultant before individuals who are noninsured, resulting in a reduction in wait times for surgery (Cumming et al., 2013). However, there could be a limit in choices of private providers as they are mainly situated in the main centers, limiting access for those in rural areas (Cumming et al., 2013). Large distances and small numbers of care providers make it difficult for populations in rural areas in NZ to access health care (Cumming et al., 2013). This poses as a significant barrier that limits access as those who live a great distance away have a limited amount of options in terms of health care. The distribution of health care services and physicians in rural areas is smaller as this life style is undesirable, reducing rural populations’ acce ss to health care (Cumming et al., 2013). Access in NZ is beneficial as hospitals are situated in good geographic locations as studies reveal that 90% of individuals are able to reach a district hospital within an hour (Cumming et al., 2013). NZ’s focus on the primary health care level impacts access as it allows individuals whom require specialized care to gain access by referral from a GP. Compared to the US, access to health care in NZ is favorable for those who live in good geographical locations but poses as a disadvantage for those in rural areas. In the UK, the health system is similar to NZ in that its health system is structured like the regionalized Dawson model and orientated towards primary health care (Bodenheimer Grumbach, 2009). The British National Health Service (NHS) provides primary care and hospital services (Boyle, 2011). Most primary health care is free and is covered by the NHS, although there are some out of pocket payments that are not covered (Boyle, 2011). Free primary health care would maximize access, as those who struggle financially will still be able to seek treatment without concerns of payment. Boyle’s research also reveals that there has been many unnecessary trips to the AE were not considered as crucial, possible reasoning for this could be due to their inability to obtain primary health care. Waiting times in the UK poses as a barricade to health care, with some patients waiting up to 18 months for surgeries, however, the average waiting time has now been reduced to 18 weeks (Boyle, 2011 ). Long waiting times reduces access which means that less people will be able to receive the care that they need in the time that they require it. These wait times could’ve instigated numerous avoidable AE trips that could’ve been solved by the GPs. The UK is quite successful in terms of access as it has many after hour services including AE, NHS Direct and after hour GP services (Boyle, 2011). These services will maximize access to health care, as more people will be able to obtain the care they need in the time that they require it. The structure of the UK’s health system primarily focuses on the primary level, its impact on access just like NZ, enables entry into higher levels of health care through a referral from a GP. Access in the UK is beneficial to all residents due to the free primary health care being provided along with after hour services. No health system is perfect. Every health system has certain flaws that could be improved. However, all health systems have something common, they all have a goal to provide care for those in need.

Childhood Influences Impact the Writing of F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay

Childhood Influences Impact the Writing of F. Scott Fitzgerald On Wednesday February 12 of 1890 F. Scott Fitzgerald's parents were married in Washington D.C. Six years later on September 24, 1896 Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald was born at his home 481 Laurel Ave. in St. Paul, Minnesota. His two infant older sisters had died from a violent influenza so that by the time Fitzgerald came along Mollie Fitzgerald had become the proverbial nightmare that known as an overprotective mother. Fitzgerald's mother was no traditional mother though, for she was known for her eccentricities. These eccentricities disturbed young Scott's life, "Fitzgerald later described his mother as 'half insane with pathological nervous worry'" (Bruccoli 15), but nothing worried anyone in the family so much as his father's failure to hold down a job. It was because his father lost his job as a wicker furniture manufacturer and salesman the family was forced to move from St. Paul to Buffalo in April of 1898, where his father began work for Proctor and Gamble. In January of 1901 the family moved from Buffalo to Syracuse where Edward had been transferred by his employer and where, on Sunday July 21, 1901 Scott's younger sister Annabel was born. Just two years later the family was back in Buffalo and just five years after that the family had returned to St. Paul and Grandma McQuillan's money. Grandma, born Louisa McQuillan, was a widow. Her husband Phillip Francis McQuillan was a man of Irish ancestry who had been a successful business man and grocer and when he died at age 43 he left behind a good $500,000 dollars to the family. Because of their financial problems the Fitzgerald family was often reliant on family money to survive. The Fitzgera... ...-occupation with glamour describe some of the main themes of his writing and indeed were some of the main themes of his childhood. Works Cited Bruccoli, Matthew J. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers, 1981 Caudle, Bill. "F. Scott Fitzgerald Walking Tour of St. Paul, MN". January 8, 2003. September 9, 2003 <http://home.att.net/~caudle/fscotwlk.htm> Prigozy, Ruth. "The Fitzgeralds". F. Scott Fitzgerald Society. September 9, 2003. <http://www.zeldafitzgerald.com/fitzgeralds/index.asp> The Board of Trustees of the University of South Carolina. "Quotations". January 28, 1997. University of South Carolina. September 9, 2003 <http://www.sc.edu/fitzgerald/quotes/quotes1.html>

Leadership Approaches

Leadership implies the ability to guide, direct, or influence people. In a certain family owned coffee plantation, the need arose for a quick decision on enlisting the company into the stock exchange. Given its rising fortunes, future prospects and need to acquire addition expansion capital, this was a good move. But this is a family-owned business, and selling its shares to the public might amount to selling the family’s fortune away. The first son who had the running of the company under his hands had to take the decision. He was not a professional in the business, so he called for two separate meetings of the company board and the family. Having heard collectively, he was able to sell 50% of the company shares to the public, leaving 50% to the family members, discretionary rights to buy as much of the public offers as they are able. Groups  of  people  living in bands have no formal leadership, and all people have input in making group decisions. Most decision-making in tribes occurs within households. Occasionally, most or all members of lineages or clans convene to make important village decisions, such as about dealing with neighboring tribes. Descent groups may also regulate access to crucial resources, such as favored hunting areas, and choose where people will live. (Bodley, 2006) According to Max de Pree  (1924  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  ), the best management process for today's environment is participative management based on covenantal relationships. Industrial Management, in business, is a term used to describe the techniques and expertise of efficient organization, planning, direction, and control of the operations of a business. Industrial management and the managerial grid Thus the style approach tends to analyze the individuals involved and see how best to harness their collective contributions to realizing the collective company goals. This is explained below: Technical: The technical ingenuity of an individual alone can not accomplish the required task and as such technical expertise is best utilized in team work, especial at the middle and supervisory levels. Human: The Human Resources of a skilled employer depends on training. For the top levels, this is most essential because it defines the course the company has to follow. Also, for the supervisory and middle level, an average proficiency is needed. Conceptual: the conceptual power of the middle level brings up growth while that of the top level drives this growth and ensures its sustenance. The managerial grid simply defines a hierarchy of flow of management in a leadership set-up. It clearly defines positions of authority and responsibility by all involved. A managerial grid, which consists of the CEO as the boss, includes the administrative, finance, operational and marketing management is it line of responsibilities. Work flows progressively, with each division taking decisions it is well vested on or its line of duty. Major decisions are taken by the board comprising of the CEO and managers. This enables the company to take sound and fair decisions which is responsive to the general interest of the company’s sustenance. In the theory of industrial management, organization has two principal aspects. One relates to the establishment of so-called lines of responsibility, drawn usually in the form of an organization chart that designates the executives of the business, from the president to the foreperson or department head, and specifies the functions for which they are responsible. The other principal aspect relates to the development of a staff of qualified executives. The Managing Director or CEO is the most senior manager of a company. The managing director is responsible for the day-to-day running of the company, but has a seat on the board of directors. The managing director may also be the chairman of the company, but in large companies the role of chairman is usually separate from that of managing director. He works with the Board of Directors or a group of directors elected by stockholders at the annual general meeting of a company to supervise the running of the company. Executive directors are managers of a company, working full time and with salaries paid by the company. Nonexecutive directors have no management position and are likely to look after the affairs of the company on a part-time basis. The  top  managers  of  a corporation are appointed or dismissed by a corporation’s board of directors, which represents stockholders’ interests. However, in practice, the board of directors is often made up of people who were nominated by the top managers of the company. Members of the board of directors are elected by a majority of voting stockholders, but most stockholders vote for the nominees recommended by the current board members. Stockholders can also vote by proxy—a process in which they authorize someone else, usually the current board, to decide how to vote for them. Businesses  rely  on  effective human resource management (HRM) to ensure that they hire and keep good employees and that they are able to respond to conflicts between workers and management. HRM specialists initially determine the number and type of employees that a business will need over its first few years of operation. They are then responsible for recruiting new employees to replace those who leave and for filling newly created positions. A business’s HRM division also trains or arranges for the training of its staff to encourage worker productivity, efficiency, and satisfaction, and to promote the overall success of the business. Finally, human resource managers create workers’ compensation plans and benefit packages for employees. Planning in industrial management has three principal aspects. One is the establishment of broad basic policies with respect to production; sales; the purchase of equipment, materials, and supplies; and accounting. The second aspect relates to the implementation of these policies by departments. The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments. Direction is concerned primarily with supervision and guidance by the executive in authority; in this connection a distinction is generally made between top management, which is essentially administrative in nature, and operative management, which is concerned with the direct execution of policy. Control involves the use of records and reports to compare performance with the established standards for work. Industrial management as just defined dates from the latter part of the 19th century. A notable impetus to its evolution was provided by the American engineer Frederick Taylor, who developed techniques for analyzing the operations involved in production and for setting standards for a day's work. The techniques originally devised by Taylor were adapted by industrialists to other phases of business, including the employment of qualified workers, and wage incentive programs either to replace or to supplement the piecework system that had previously prevailed. Industrial management experts who succeeded Taylor have applied his techniques to a wider range of business problems. Among the leading successors are the Austrian-American management consultant and educator Peter Drucker and the American economist, writer, and diplomat John Kenneth Galbraith. New  explanations  and  fresh policies were urgently required; this was precisely what Keynes supplied. In his enduring work The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, the central message translates into two powerful propositions. (1) Existing explanations of unemployment he declared to be nonsense: Neither high prices nor high wages could explain persistent depression and mass unemployment. (2) Instead, he proposed an alternative explanation of these phenomena focused on what he termed aggregate demand—that is, the total spending of consumers, business investors, and governmental bodies. When aggregate demand is low, he theorized, sales and jobs suffer; when it is high, all is well and prosperous. From  these  generalities flowed a powerful and comprehensive view of economic behavior—the basis of contemporary macroeconomics. Because consumers were limited in the amounts that they could spend by the size of their incomes, they could not be the source of the ups and downs of the business cycle. It followed that the dynamic forces were business investors and governments. In a recession or depression, the proper thing to do was either to enlarge private investment or create public substitutes for the shortfalls in private investment. In mild economic contractions, easy credit and low interest rates (monetary policy) might stimulate business investments and restore aggregate demand to a figure consistent with full employment. More severe contractions required the sterner remedy of deliberate budget deficits either in the form of spending on public works or subsidies to afflicted groups. Some  big  corporations established overseas operations and became multinational. Producers in the United States depended on world markets to buy oil, iron, steel, and food that they exported. They also increased their overseas investments. Standard Oil (later Exxon), for instance, developed oil resources in Venezuela and the Middle East. Coca-Cola swept through Europe, where it set up bottling factories. New types of bureaucrats ran the big businesses of postwar America. In The Organization Man (1956), sociologist William H. Whyte wrote that employers sought managers who would adapt to corporate culture, which rewarded teamwork and conformity. The essential characteristic of the behavioral approach to learning is that events in the environment are understood to predict a person’s behavior, not thoughts, feelings, or other events that take place inside the person. Strict behaviorists believe that it is dangerous and unscientific to treat thoughts and feelings as the causes of a person’s behavior, because no one can see another person’s thoughts or feelings. Behaviorists maintain that human learning can be explained by examining the stimuli, reinforces, and punishments that a person experiences. According to behaviorists, reinforcement and punishment, along with other basic principles such as generalization and discrimination, can explain even the most advanced types of human learning, such as learning to read or to solve complex problems. Conclusion In the situation described above, the head of the family coffee company simply executed collective leadership. The leader behavior thus makes sense when you realize the amount of gains that has been added to the company based on this sharp approach. This supports the leadership theory described and it has helped me to understand my feelings and behavior in this particular situation. Business  plays  a  vital role in the life and culture of countries with industrial and postindustrial (service- and information-based) free-market economies such as the United States. In free-market systems, prices and wages are primarily determined by competition, not by governments. In the United States, for example, many people buy and sell goods and services as their primary occupations. In 2001 American companies sold in excess of $10 trillion worth of goods and services. Businesses provide just about anything consumers want or need, including basic necessities such as food and housing, luxuries such as whirlpool baths and wide-screen televisions, and even personal services such as caring for children and finding companionship. A typical example of a non-collective leadership is in a one-man business. The Entrepreneur thus is one who assumes the responsibility and the risk for a business operation with the expectation of making a profit. The entrepreneur generally decides on the product, acquires the facilities, and brings together the labor force, capital, and production materials. If the business succeeds, the entrepreneur reaps the reward of profits; if it fails, he or she takes the loss. In his writings, the Austrian-American economist Joseph A. Schumpeter stressed the role of the entrepreneur as an innovator, the person who develops a new product, a new market, or a new means of production. One important example was Henry Ford. In the industrialized economies of the late 20th century, giant corporations and conglomerates have largely replaced the individual owner-operator. There is still a place for the entrepreneur, however, in small businesses as well as in the developing economies of the Third World nations. (Redmond, 2006) References Bodley, John H. â€Å"Culture.† Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006 Dryzek, John. â€Å"Political Science† Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006 Redmond, WA â€Å"Entrepreneur.† Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006 Redmond, WA â€Å"Industrial Management.† Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006 Redmond, WA â€Å"Invention (device or process).† Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006